Discovering Georgia’s Cave Cities

Vardzia, Uplistsikhe, and Beyond

Georgia, a land of ancient traditions and breathtaking landscapes, is home to some of the most remarkable cave cities in the world. These subterranean marvels, carved into mountainsides and rocky terrains, offer a unique glimpse into Georgia’s historical resilience, architectural ingenuity, and spiritual heritage. From the sprawling Vardzia complex to the enigmatic Uplistsikhe, Georgia’s cave cities are must-visit destinations for history enthusiasts, adventure seekers, and curious travelers. This guide explores Georgia’s premier cave cities, detailing their significance, features, and practical tips for visitors.

1. Introduction to Georgia’s Cave Cities

A Glimpse into the Past

Georgia’s cave cities are extraordinary examples of ancient engineering and communal living. Built primarily between the 6th and 13th centuries, these subterranean settlements served various purposes, including defense, religious worship, and habitation. Carved directly into the soft volcanic rock, these cities feature tunnels, rooms, churches, and communal spaces that have withstood the test of time.

2. Vardzia Cave Monastery

Vardzia is Georgia’s most famous cave monastery, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014. Located in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of southern Georgia, Vardzia is a sprawling complex carved into the Erusheti Mountain during the reign of Queen Tamar in the 12th century.

Historical Significance

• Founded by Queen Tamar: Vardzia was established under the patronage of Queen Tamar, one of Georgia’s most revered monarchs, as a center for religious and political activities.
• Monastic Life: At its peak, Vardzia housed up to 2,000 monks and served as a key religious hub, fostering the spread of Christianity in the region.
• Defensive Structure: The cave system protected against invasions, showcasing the strategic importance of Vardzia.

Key Features

a. Central Cave Church

• Architecture: The main church, dedicated to the Dormition of the Mother of God, features stunning frescoes and intricate stone carvings.
• Frescoes: Beautifully preserved frescoes depict biblical scenes, saints, and religious iconography.

b. Tunnels and Rooms

• Living Quarters: Numerous chambers served as living spaces for monks, storage rooms, and communal areas.
• Secret Passages: Ingenious tunnels connected different parts of the monastery, allowing for secure movement within the complex.

c. Underground Passages

• Defensive Measures: Narrow passages and hidden exits were designed to thwart invaders, enhancing the monastery’s defensibility.

d. Frescoes and Artifacts

• Artistic Heritage: Vardzia boasts a rich collection of frescoes, some masterpieces of medieval Georgian art.
• Artifacts: Visitors can view various artifacts, including religious manuscripts, tools, and everyday items used by the monks.

Visiting Vardzia

How to Get There

• From Tbilisi: Vardzia is approximately 220 kilometers southwest of Tbilisi. The most convenient way to reach Vardzia is by car, which takes around 3.5 to 4 hours. Alternatively, you can take a shared taxi (marshrutka) from Tbilisi’s Didube Bus Station.
• Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour for comprehensive insights into Vardzia’s history and architecture.

Best Time to Visit

• Spring (April to June) and Autumn (September to November): These seasons offer mild weather, making it ideal for exploring the cave monastery.
• Summer (July to August): While warmer, it’s a popular time for tourists, so expect larger crowds.

Tips for Visitors

• Wear Comfortable Shoes: The terrain can be uneven and slippery, so sturdy footwear is recommended.
• Bring Water and Snacks: Limited facilities are available, especially if explored extensively.
• Hire a Local Guide: To fully appreciate the historical and architectural nuances, a knowledgeable guide can enhance your visit.

3. Uplistsikhe Cave Town

Uplistsikhe, meaning “above the earthen fortress” in Georgian, is another iconic cave city located in eastern Georgia, near the town of Gori. Established in the early Iron Age (around the 6th century BC) and expanded over centuries, Uplistsikhe is a fascinating blend of ancient and medieval structures.

Historical Significance

• Ancient Origins: Uplistsikhe is one of the oldest urban settlements in Georgia, showcasing the evolution of architecture and urban planning over centuries.
• Strategic Location: Situated along the ancient trade route connecting the Middle East and Europe, it played a crucial role in commerce and cultural exchanges.
• Religious and Secular Use: The cave town includes both religious structures, such as churches and temples, and secular buildings like residences, workshops, and fortifications.

Key Features

a. The Great Gates

• Entrance Arch: A monumental gate resembling those found in Greek temples, marking the main entrance to Uplistsikhe.
• Symbolism: Represents the town’s significance as a fortified trading post.

b. The Cyclopean Walls

• Construction: Massive stone walls built without mortar, showcasing the architectural prowess of ancient builders.
• Defense: Thick walls protected against invasions and natural elements.

c. The Old Town

• Residential Areas: Series of caves converted into living spaces, with multi-level structures and interconnected tunnels.
• Workshops: Areas dedicated to metalworking, pottery, and other crafts essential for daily life.

d. Religious Structures

• Sioni Church: An early Christian church featuring simple architectural lines and religious iconography.
• Artemisia Temple: A temple dedicated to Artemis, indicative of the region’s pre-Christian religious practices.

e. The Great Courtyard

• Central Space: An open courtyard surrounded by various buildings, serving as the social and economic hub of Uplistsikhe.
• Marketplace: Historically, a place for trade and interaction among inhabitants.

Visiting Uplistsikhe

How to Get There

• From Tbilisi: Uplistsikhe is approximately 85 kilometers west of Tbilisi. The most convenient way to reach Uplistsikhe is by car, which takes about 1.5 to 2 hours. Public transportation options include marshrutkas (minibusses) from the Didube Bus Station in Tbilisi to Gori, followed by a short taxi ride to Uplistsikhe.
• Guided Tours: Joining a guided tour can provide deeper historical context and enhance your understanding of the site’s significance.

Best Time to Visit

• Spring (April to June) and Autumn (September to November): Ideal for comfortable temperatures and fewer crowds.
• Summer (July to August): Popular among tourists, but be prepared for higher temperatures and larger visitor numbers.

Tips for Visitors

• Stay Hydrated: Carry water, especially during summer visits.
• Sun Protection: Wear a hat and sunscreen, as much of the site is exposed to direct sunlight.
• Explore Thoroughly: Take your time to navigate the labyrinthine passages and appreciate the intricate details of the cave structures.

4. Cave Cities Beyond Vardzia and Uplistsikhe

While Vardzia and Uplistsikhe are the most renowned cave cities in Georgia, the country is home to other fascinating subterranean sites that offer unique experiences.

a. Zarzma Cave Monastery

Overview

Located in the Pshavi region of Upper Kartli, Zarzma is a hidden cave monastery nestled in the Greater Caucasus Mountains. Although less famous than Vardzia and Uplistsikhe, Zarzma holds significant religious and historical value.

Key Features

• Cave Structures: Several caves were converted into chapels and living quarters for monks.
• Scenic Surroundings: Surrounded by pristine mountain landscapes, perfect for those seeking solitude and natural beauty.
• Historical Artifacts: Frescoes and religious symbols adorning the cave interiors.

Visiting Tips

• Accessibility: Due to its remote location, Zarzma requires a sturdy vehicle and, ideally, a local guide.
• Preparation: Ensure you have sufficient supplies and are prepared for a rugged journey.

b. Shio-Mgvime Monastery

Overview

While not a cave city in the traditional sense, Shio-Mgvime Monastery in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region features several cave-like structures carved into the rocky gorge. It’s an ancient monastic complex dating back to the 6th century.

Key Features

• Cave Cells: Simple, cave-like chambers used by monks for solitude and meditation.
• Beautiful Architecture: Traditional Georgian ecclesiastical architecture integrated with the natural landscape.
• Peaceful Atmosphere: A serene environment ideal for reflection and spiritual exploration.

Visiting Tips

• Guided Tours: Available to provide historical insights and navigate the complex.
• Combine with Other Sites: Often visited in conjunction with Vardzia or other nearby

c. Vardzia’s Lesser-Known Additions

Overview

While Vardzia itself is a vast complex, certain sections and adjacent areas remain less explored by tourists. These include smaller caves and additional chapels that offer a more intimate experience of the monastery.

Key Features

• Additional Chambers: Explore less frequented parts of Vardzia for a quieter visit.
• Natural Features: Discover natural rock formations and hidden niches within the cave system.

Visiting Tips

• Explore Extensively: Allocate extra time to wander through the less visited areas.
• Respect the Site: Maintain silence and respect the sacred nature of the monastery.

5. Practical Tips for Visiting Georgia’s Cave Cities

a. Transportation and Accessibility

• Car Rentals: Renting a car offers the most flexibility, especially for reaching remote cave cities. Ensure you rent a vehicle suitable for mountainous terrains if necessary.
• Public Transport: Available to major sites like Vardzia and Uplistsikhe via marshrutkas (minibusses) from nearby towns. However, connections to more remote cave cities may be limited.
• Guided Tours: Ideal for comprehensive exploration and navigating challenging terrains. Many tours include transportation and local guides.

b. Best Time to Visit

• Spring and Autumn: Offer mild weather and fewer tourists, making exploration more comfortable.
• Summer: Suitable for outdoor activities but be prepared for higher temperatures and larger crowds.
• Winter: Limited accessibility due to snow in mountainous regions, but offers a unique, serene experience if accessible.

c. What to Bring

• Comfortable Footwear: Essential for navigating uneven and slippery cave paths.
• Weather-Appropriate Clothing: Layers are recommended as cave temperatures can be cooler than outside.
• Water and Snacks: Limited facilities in remote areas, so carry sufficient supplies.
• Camera: To capture the stunning architecture and natural beauty.
• First-Aid Kit: Basic medical supplies for minor injuries or ailments.

d. Safety Considerations

• Stay on Marked Paths: Cave cities can have intricate and narrow passages; sticking to designated areas ensures safety.
• Hire a Guide: Especially for remote or complex sites, a local guide can provide valuable insights and enhance safety.
• Inform Others of Your Plans: Let someone know your itinerary, especially when visiting less frequented cave cities.

e. Respecting Cultural Heritage

• Modest Attire: Dress appropriately, particularly when visiting religious sites.
• Silence and Respect: Maintain a respectful demeanor, avoiding loud noises and disturbances.
• No Littering: Preserve the natural and historical integrity by keeping the sites clean.

6. Practical Information

a. Entry Fees and Opening Hours

• Vardzia:
  • Entry Fee: Approximately 20 GEL for adults, discounts for students and children.
  • Opening Hours: 9 AM to 6 PM (varies seasonally).
• Uplistsikhe:
  • Entry Fee: Around 8 GEL for adults, reduced rates for students and children.
  • Opening Hours: 9 AM to 6 PM (seasonally adjusted).
• Other Sites:
  • Fees and hours may vary; it’s advisable to check official websites or contact local tourist information centers for the latest information.

b. Accommodation Options

• Near Vardzia:
  • Guesthouses in Aspindza: Simple accommodations with basic amenities.
  • Hotels: Limited options; booking in advance is recommended.
• Near Uplistsikhe:
  • Hotels in Gori: More diverse options, including mid-range and budget hotels.
• In Upper Svaneti (Mestia):
  • Guesthouses and Lodges: Traditional Svan houses offering authentic experiences.
  • Hotels: Comfortable hotels with modern amenities.

c. Local Cuisine to Try

• Khinkali: Georgian dumplings, often filled with meat or mushrooms.
• Khachapuri: Cheese-filled bread, with regional variations like Adjaruli or Imeruli.
• Mtsvadi: Grilled meat skewers, similar to shashlik.
• Chvishtari: Svan cheese cornbread, a local specialty.

d. Cultural Etiquette

• Dress Modestly: When visiting religious sites, ensure your shoulders and knees are covered.
• Respect Quiet Zones: Maintain silence in sacred and historical areas.
• Ask Permission: Before taking photos of locals, especially in rural or traditional settings.

Conclusion

Georgia’s cave cities, with their awe-inspiring architecture and profound historical significance, offer a captivating journey into the country’s past. From the grandeur of Vardzia to the ancient allure of Uplistsikhe, these subterranean marvels reveal the resilience and creativity of Georgia’s people through the ages. Exploring these sites not only enriches your understanding of Georgia’s cultural heritage but also provides unforgettable experiences amidst stunning natural landscapes. Whether you’re an avid history buff, an adventure seeker, or simply curious about ancient civilizations, Georgia’s cave cities await your discovery.

Plan your visit thoughtfully, respect the cultural significance of these sites, and immerse yourself in the timeless beauty of Georgia’s subterranean treasures.

Happy exploring!